Stephen William Hawking, ( born 8 January 1942) is an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, author and Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge. His scientific works include a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He is a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Hawking is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the US. In 2002, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009 and has achieved commercial success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general; his book A Brief History of Time appeared on the British Sunday Times best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.

Hawking has a rare early-onset, slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that has gradually paralysed him over the decades. He now communicates using a single cheek muscle attached to a speech-generating device.

Some implications and consequences of the expansion of the universe are examined. In Chapter 1 it is shown that this expansion creates grave difficulties for the Hoyle-Narlikar theory of gravitation. Chapter 2 deals with perturbations of an expanding homogeneous and isotropic universe. The conclusion is reached that galaxies cannot be formed as a result of the growth of perturbations that were initially small. The propagation and absorption of gravitational radiation is also investigated in this approximation. In Chapter 3 gravitational radiation in an expanding universe is examined by a method of asymptotic expansions. The 'peeling off' behaviour and the asymptotic group are derived. Chapter 4 deals with the occurrence of singularities in cosmological models. It is shown that a singularity is inevitable provided that certain very general conditions are satisfied.

• Training for two years

Astronauts abroad the international space station or those on long duration space flights, such as journey to mars or deep space are likely to have a 30 and 50 % decline in exercise capacity, say researchers. The findings showed that astronauts heart and small blood vessels are not as effective at transporting oxygen to the working muscle during space flights.

Nasa is planning to send humans to mars by 2030. But to make human settlements there, we need to build houses. Thousands of tons of concrete would be needed to survive there. Since it is impossible to ship tons of concrete to mars, the best bet is for humans to start making it when they arrive.

The Agni – 2 ballistic missile was successfully test fired on Thursday at 10:22 a.m. from A.P.J abdul kalam island which was previously known as wheelers island of Dhamara in Odisha. The nuclear weapon is capable of a full strike range of 2,000 km. the 20 meter long Agni – 2 missile is a two stage solid propelled ballistic missile. It has a launch weight of 17 tones and can carry a payload of 1,000 kg over a distance of more than 2,000 km. Agni missile series being developed by DRDO as a deterrent against nuclear armed neighbors’ are among India’s most sophisticated weapons. 

Cars running on fossil fuels cause pollution which can be harmful to both environment and life. To solve this problem, ISRO has developed a solar hybrid electric car that leads to zero emission and pollution.

NASA may not know exactly where it’s going in human spaceflight, but it knows how it will get there. The agency’s current plan , of course, call for human missions to mars, first into orbit around the red planet as soon as 2033, followed eventually by trips to the Martian surface. But those plans are clouded by the uncertainty that comes with a change in presidential administrations. NASA is waiting on the nomination of a new administrator and expected re-establishment of the National Space Council to provide guidance for the agency.

NASA is working on a greenhouse project “bioregenerative life support system” to replicate environment of earth for growing plants beyond planet.

Cassini NASA’s space probe to Saturn, has made it through to the last ring of Saturn. It’s definitely a wow moment as it nears its final leg before crash landing onto Saturn by September 15.    

scientists have found a new way to start the process of photosynthesis in a synthetic material that turns harmful greenhouse gases into clear air.

ISRO plans to make a mission to earth’s twin the planet Venus. Due to similarities in size, mass, density, bulk composition and gravity Venus is often described as the ‘twin sister’ of the earth.